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Past Simple

What is the Past Simple?

The Past Simple (also called Simple Past) describes completed actions, events, or states at a specific time in the past. The time may be stated explicitly or understood from context.

Formula

Affirmative (to be)

S + was / were + noun / adjective / prepositional phrase

Negative (to be)

S + was not (wasn't) / were not (weren't) + ...

Question (to be)

Was / Were + S + ... ?

Affirmative (other verbs)

S + V₂ (regular: base + -ed | irregular: see table)

Negative (other verbs)

S + did not (didn't) + V₁ (base form — NOT V₂)

Question (other verbs)

Did + S + V₁ (base form) + ?

When to Use

•
Completed action at a known time: The action started and finished at a definite point in the past; time is stated or understood.
•
Series of past events: A sequence of actions that happened one after another.
•
Past habits or repeated actions: Actions that occurred regularly in the past but no longer happen.
•
Completed states: Feelings, opinions, or situations that existed for a period but have ended.

Conjugation Tables

Verb 'to be'

Subject	Affirmative	Negative (contracted)
I / He / She / It	was	wasn't
You / We / They	were	weren't

Regular verbs — spelling rules

Rule	Base (V₁)	Past (V₂)
Most verbs: + -ed	work	worked
End in -e: + -d	live	lived
Consonant + y → -ied	study	studied
Short CVC: double consonant + -ed	stop	stopped

Common irregular verbs

V₁	V₂	V₁	V₂
be	was/were	have	had
do	did	make	made
go	went	say	said
get	got	see	saw
come	came	take	took
give	gave	know	knew
find	found	tell	told
think	thought	leave	left
write	wrote	send	sent
buy	bought	bring	brought

Time Indicators

yesterdaylast nightlast weeklast monthlast yearagoin [year]at that timejust nowwhenthenoncein the pastearlierpreviouslyon [date]

Example Sentences

She visited the client office last Tuesday.

Did you call him back yesterday?

The manager gave a detailed presentation at the conference.

They did not finish the project on time.

When did the board meeting start?

He worked at that company for five years.

We launched our new product in 2022.

The board decided to postpone the expansion.

She did not understand the new procedure at first.

Did the team complete all the assigned tasks?

I saw the updated report on your desk this morning.

They signed the contract last Friday afternoon.

The CEO announced the restructuring at yesterday's all-hands.

He made several important calls before noon.

We hired three new engineers last month.

She took detailed notes throughout the entire session.

The client approved the proposal without any revisions.

Did you attend the compliance training last Tuesday?

The system crashed and caused a two-hour outage.

They reached a full agreement after long negotiations.

Common Mistakes

She didn't went to the meeting.

She didn't go to the meeting.

After 'didn't', always use the base form (V₁), not the past form (V₂).

I have seen him yesterday.

I saw him yesterday.

Use Past Simple — not Present Perfect — when a specific past time is stated.

Did she went to the office?

Did she go to the office?

In questions with 'did', use the base form (V₁).

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Past Simple — Ngữ pháp TOEIC | CÀY TOEIC